The Nocturnity Scale: Measuring the Sense of Being at Night in Virtual Urban Environments
Anthony Le Gourriérec, Etienne Peillard, Nicolas Houel, Myriam Servières
August, 2026
Abstract
Nighttime environments are increasingly used in virtual urban studies, yet darkness alone does not fully recreate the subjective sense of being at night. This work introduces nocturnity as the feeling of being at night elicited by a scene and proposes a theory-driven framework structured into perceptual, activity, and inner-state subscales. A first 42-item questionnaire provides an operational basis for comparing virtual urban scenes according to their perceived nocturnity.
Publication
ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP 2026)

Associate Professor
IMT Atlantique
LS2N
CNRS IRL CROSSING
My research focuses on perception and embodied interaction in Virtual and Augmented Reality, including augmented affordances, body perception, and human-system cooperation in immersive environments.

Nicolas Houel
Urban-lighting and nocturnal-ambiance specialist
École Centrale de Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, Nantes, France
Industrial collaborator on urban lighting and nocturnal ambiances.

Myriam Servières
Researcher in Virtual Urban Environments
École Centrale de Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, Nantes, France
Researcher working on perception and experience in virtual urban environments.